Month 14. My to-do list
Saturday morning. I've written a to-do list, and Manana reads it over my shoulder: some things are done, others are still waiting.
Today: "done" and "to be done".
LIMBA audio course · Georgian
Hear it, then say it: learn to speak Georgian
- 37 audio lessons
- about 13 minutes each
- explained in simple English
This written course gives you the grammar, the words and the script. The LIMBA audio course trains your ear and your mouth: you listen, you repeat, you answer — the perfect complement to these lessons.
Download the Georgian audio courseOrder form · your download link arrives by email▶ Listen to lesson 1 for free
1Sam’s diary
2Dialogue
Manana
სემ, დღეს რა გეგმები გაქვს?sem, dghes ra gegmebi gakvs?Sam, what are your plans for today?
Sam
ბევრი გასაკეთებელი საქმე მაქვს. აი, სია დავწერე.bevri gasak'etebeli sakme makvs. ai, sia davts'ere.I've got lots of things to do. Look, I've written a list.
Manana
ვნახოთ: „წერილი — დაწერილი. ბილეთი — ნაყიდი.“ ყოჩაღ!vnakhot: „ts'erili — dats'erili. bileti — naq'idi.“ q'ochagh!Let's see: "Letter — written. Ticket — bought." Well done!
Sam
მაგრამ ჯერ კიდევ ბევრი რამ არის გასაკეთებელი: სარეცხი გასარეცხია, ოთახი დასალაგებელი.magram jer k'idev bevri ram aris gasak'etebeli: saretskhi gasaretskhia, otakhi dasalagebeli.But there's still a lot to do: the laundry needs washing, the room needs tidying.
Manana
სარეცხი უკვე გარეცხილია, შვილო. მე გავრეცხე.saretskhi uk've garetskhilia, shvilo. me gavretskhe.The laundry is already washed, dear. I've washed it.
Sam
დიდი მადლობა! კიდევ ერთი წიგნი მაქვს წასაკითხი, ხვალისთვის.didi madloba! k'idev erti ts'igni makvs ts'asak'itkhi, khvalistvis.Thank you so much! I also have a book to read for tomorrow.
Manana
საინტერესოა?saint'eresoa?Is it interesting?
Sam
ძალიან მოსაწყენია... მაგრამ წასაკითხია!dzalian mosats'q'enia... magram ts'asak'itkhia!It's very boring... but it has to be read!
3New words
| Georgian | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| გასაკეთებელი საქმე | gasak'etebeli sakme | something to do, a job to be done |
| დაწერილი | dats'erili | written |
| ნაყიდი | naq'idi | bought |
| სარეცხი | saretskhi | laundry, washing |
| დასალაგებელი | dasalagebeli | to be tidied |
| გარეცხილი | garetskhili | washed |
| წასაკითხი | ts'asak'itkhi | to be read |
| მოსაწყენი | mosats'q'eni | boring |
How to read the pronunciation
The pronunciation is written in English letters, following Georgia’s official romanization. Say every letter: a as in father, e as in pet, i as in machine, o as in port, u as in rule; r is rolled; g is always hard; kh as in Scottish loch; gh a soft gargled g, like a French r; sh as in shop; zh like the s in pleasure; ch as in church; ts as in cats; dz as in adze; j as in jam. An apostrophe marks a “popped” consonant, said with a little click in the throat and no puff of air: k’, p’, t’, ts’, ch’, q’ (q’ is made deep in the throat). Without an apostrophe, k, p, t, ts, ch have a small puff of air. Use the Pronunciation button at the top to hide or show it.
4Grammar and explanations
The past participle: "done"
The past participle describes the result of an action. Most add -ილიili or -ულიuli to the verb with its preverb; some use ნაna- in front:
| aorist | past participle |
|---|---|
| დაწერაdats'era (he wrote) | დაწერილიdats'erili (written) |
| გააკეთაgaak'eta (he did) | გაკეთებულიgak'etebuli (done) |
| დაკეტაdak'et'a (he locked) | დაკეტილიdak'et'ili (closed, locked) |
| გარეცხაgaretskha (he washed) | გარეცხილიgaretskhili (washed) |
| დაკარგაdak'arga (he lost) | დაკარგულიdak'arguli (lost) |
| იყიდაiq'ida (he bought) | ნაყიდიnaq'idi (bought) |
| თქვაtkva (he said) | ნათქვამიnatkvami (said) |
With არისaris, it gives a state: წერილი დაწერილიაts'erili dats'erilia (the letter is written), მაღაზია დაკეტილიაmaghazia dak'et'ilia (the shop is closed).
The future participle: "to be done"
The future participle says that something is still to be done, or is meant for something. It takes საsa- in front:
| verb | future participle |
|---|---|
| დაწერსdats'ers | დასაწერიdasats'eri (to be written) |
| წაიკითხავსts'aik'itkhavs | წასაკითხიts'asak'itkhi (to be read) |
| გააკეთებსgaak'etebs | გასაკეთებელიgasak'etebeli (to be done) |
| ნახავსnakhavs | სანახავიsanakhavi (to be seen, worth seeing) |
ბევრი გასაკეთებელი საქმე მაქვს.bevri gasak'etebeli sakme makvs.I have a lot of things to do.
ეს ფილმი სანახავია.es pilmi sanakhavia.This film is worth seeing.
Many everyday nouns are old future participles: საჭმელიsach'meli (food, "for eating"), სასმელიsasmeli (a drink), საწოლიsats'oli (a bed, "for lying").
The negative: უu-…-ელიeli
გაუკეთებელი საქმეgauk'etebeli sakmea job not done
დაუწერელი წერილიdauts'ereli ts'erilian unwritten letter
5Good to know
მოსაწყენიmosats'q'eni (boring) is also a future participle: literally "something to get bored with". Its opposite is საინტერესოsaint'ereso (interesting).
6Exercises
Choose an answer for each question, then press Check my answers. Score 70% or more and the lesson is ticked on your course map.
- "The letter is written" is…
- "I have a book to read" is…
- "I have a lot of things to do" is…
- "The shop is closed" is…
- "This film is worth seeing" is…
- "a bought ticket" is…
- Which word is an old future participle meaning "food"?
- "a job not done" is…
- "The laundry is already washed" is…
- What does მოსაწყენიmosats'q'eni mean?
Well done! Lesson 136 is ticked on your course map.
Say it, then write it
Say your answer out loud, write it down, then open the model answer.
- Say "The door is closed."
Show the answer
კარი დაკეტილია.k'ari dak'et'ilia. - Say "I have a letter to write."
Show the answer
წერილი მაქვს დასაწერი.ts'erili makvs dasats'eri. - Say "This book is worth reading."
Show the answer
ეს წიგნი წასაკითხია.es ts'igni ts'asak'itkhia. - Say "The homework is done."
Show the answer
დავალება გაკეთებულია.davaleba gak'etebulia. - Say "an interesting book"
Show the answer
საინტერესო წიგნიsaint'ereso ts'igni
Lesson finished? Now train your ear
Speak Georgian with the 37 LIMBA audio lessons
- 37 audio lessons
- about 13 minutes each
- explained in simple English
This written course gives you the grammar, the words and the script. The LIMBA audio course trains your ear and your mouth: you listen, you repeat, you answer — the perfect complement to these lessons.
Download the Georgian audio courseOrder form · your download link arrives by email▶ Listen to lesson 1 for free
Unit 14: Passive, states and positions B1
- 131For sale: passive verbs
- 132It's getting warm: change verbs in -დებაdeba
- 133It stands, it lies, it hangs
- 134Sit down! Stand up!
- 135Make someone do it: causatives
- 136Done and to be done: participles
- 137The writer, the reader
- 138Swimming, reading, learning: verbal nouns
- 139Building words
- 140Review: renting a flat